中国沙漠 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (1): 105-120.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00334
• • 上一篇
收稿日期:2025-11-23
修回日期:2025-12-23
出版日期:2026-01-20
发布日期:2026-03-09
通讯作者:
常学向
作者简介:陈军伟(2000—),男,甘肃兰州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为自然地理学。E-mail: chenjunwei@nieer.ac.cn
基金资助:
Junwei Chen1,2(
), Xuexiang Chang1,2(
), Quanyan Tian1,2
Received:2025-11-23
Revised:2025-12-23
Online:2026-01-20
Published:2026-03-09
Contact:
Xuexiang Chang
摘要:
气候变化加剧了生态系统稳定性的不确定性。祁连山是西北干旱区重要的生态安全屏障,尤其是乔木林生态系统在涵养水源和维系生态功能方面处于核心地位。因此,识别气候变化对祁连山乔木林生态系统稳定性的影响机制,是提升祁连山生态系统适应气候变化的管理能力、维护绿洲水资源与生态安全、促进社会经济可持续发展的关键。本文以祁连山国家公园为研究区,基于1987—2021年Landsat遥感影像与高分辨率气候数据,构建乔木林生态系统的森林稳定性指数(FSI),并结合小波分析和多元线性回归,定量评估乔木林生态系统稳定性的时空格局动态变化及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:(1)乔木林生态系统整体稳定性较高,极高稳定性面积占77.25%;(2)1991—2021年乔木林区气温和降水分别以0.024 ℃·a⁻¹和7.32 mm·a⁻¹的速率增长,同期FSI提升显著,年均增长率为0.027;(3)乔木林生态系统稳定性与升温呈正相关(FSI增幅0.09~0.30·℃⁻¹);在大部分分析单元降水增加对乔木林生态系统稳定性的影响表现为正效应(FSI增幅为0.15/1 000 mm~0.68/1 000 mm),在分析单元Ⅰ的表现为负效应(FSI增幅为-0.26/1 000 mm);气候弹性指数(CE)对乔木林生态系统稳定性的影响表现为负效应,CE每增加0.10,FSI降低1.00~1.75。
中图分类号:
陈军伟, 常学向, 田全彦. 祁连山国家公园乔木林生态系统稳定性对气候变化的响应[J]. 中国沙漠, 2026, 46(1): 105-120.
Junwei Chen, Xuexiang Chang, Quanyan Tian. Response of arboreal forest ecosystem stability to climate change in Qilian Mountain National Park[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2026, 46(1): 105-120.
| 稳定性等级 | FSI 范围 | CV 范围 |
|---|---|---|
| 极高稳定性 | FSI≥2.0 | CV≤e-2.0≈0.135 |
| 高稳定性 | 1.5≤FSI<2.0 | 0.135<CV≤e-1.5≈0.223 |
| 中等稳定性 | 1.0≤FSI<1.5 | 0.223<CV≤e-1.0≈0.368 |
| 较低稳定性 | 0.5≤FSI<1.0 | 0.368<CV≤e-0.5≈0.607 |
| 极低稳定性 | FSI<0.5 | CV>e-0.5≈0.607 |
表1 乔木林生态系统稳定性等级分类
Table 1 Classification of ecosystem stability levels in arboreal forests
| 稳定性等级 | FSI 范围 | CV 范围 |
|---|---|---|
| 极高稳定性 | FSI≥2.0 | CV≤e-2.0≈0.135 |
| 高稳定性 | 1.5≤FSI<2.0 | 0.135<CV≤e-1.5≈0.223 |
| 中等稳定性 | 1.0≤FSI<1.5 | 0.223<CV≤e-1.0≈0.368 |
| 较低稳定性 | 0.5≤FSI<1.0 | 0.368<CV≤e-0.5≈0.607 |
| 极低稳定性 | FSI<0.5 | CV>e-0.5≈0.607 |
| 分析单元 | 分析单元 面积/km2 | 乔木林 | 景观多样性 | 空间异质性 | 破碎化 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 面积/km2 | 覆盖率/% | 面积占比/% | 香农多样性指数 | 辛普森多样性指数 | 香农均匀度 | 平均形状指数 | 平均斑块周长/km | 边界密度/(km·km-2) | 乔木林斑块数/个 | 乔木林斑块密度/(个·km-2) | 平均斑块面积/km² | 最大斑块指数/% | 平均最近邻距离/km | 平均连续度指数 | ||||
| 合计 | 9 509.93 | 1 652.25 | 17.37 | 100.00 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| Ⅰ | 1 774.07 | 287.41 | 16.20 | 17.40 | 1.34 | 0.68 | 0.61 | 1.75 | 2.22 | 2.85 | 2 341 | 1.32 | 0.12 | 21.23 | 0.15 | 0.58 | ||
| Ⅱ | 789.82 | 172.01 | 21.78 | 10.41 | 1.37 | 0.69 | 0.66 | 1.81 | 2.28 | 4.07 | 1 453 | 1.84 | 0.12 | 9.79 | 0.13 | 0.57 | ||
| Ⅲ | 178.67 | 52.82 | 29.57 | 3.20 | 1.25 | 0.66 | 0.64 | 1.84 | 3.35 | 4.68 | 256 | 1.43 | 0.20 | 35.03 | 0.13 | 0.59 | ||
| Ⅳ | 1 141.45 | 190.34 | 16.68 | 11.52 | 1.19 | 0.60 | 0.57 | 1.77 | 2.13 | 3.41 | 1 808 | 1.58 | 0.10 | 11.59 | 0.13 | 0.58 | ||
| Ⅴ | 323.31 | 41.79 | 12.92 | 2.53 | 1.26 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 1.80 | 2.06 | 2.77 | 435 | 1.35 | 0.09 | 9.27 | 0.17 | 0.60 | ||
| Ⅵ | 258.03 | 23.68 | 9.18 | 1.43 | 0.90 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 1.64 | 1.51 | 1.73 | 301 | 1.17 | 0.08 | 12.76 | 0.18 | 0.59 | ||
| Ⅶ | 3 626.77 | 795.94 | 21.95 | 48.17 | 1.34 | 0.70 | 0.61 | 1.77 | 2.55 | 3.30 | 4 865 | 1.34 | 0.16 | 15.63 | 0.13 | 0.57 | ||
| Ⅷ | 1 417.81 | 88.27 | 6.23 | 5.34 | 1.22 | 0.65 | 0.56 | 1.69 | 1.39 | 1.55 | 1 651 | 1.16 | 0.05 | 3.53 | 0.17 | 0.57 | ||
表2 祁连山国家公园乔木林各分析单元景观格局指标
Table 2 Landscape pattern metrics of arboreal forests in different analysis units of Qilian Mountain National Park
| 分析单元 | 分析单元 面积/km2 | 乔木林 | 景观多样性 | 空间异质性 | 破碎化 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 面积/km2 | 覆盖率/% | 面积占比/% | 香农多样性指数 | 辛普森多样性指数 | 香农均匀度 | 平均形状指数 | 平均斑块周长/km | 边界密度/(km·km-2) | 乔木林斑块数/个 | 乔木林斑块密度/(个·km-2) | 平均斑块面积/km² | 最大斑块指数/% | 平均最近邻距离/km | 平均连续度指数 | ||||
| 合计 | 9 509.93 | 1 652.25 | 17.37 | 100.00 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| Ⅰ | 1 774.07 | 287.41 | 16.20 | 17.40 | 1.34 | 0.68 | 0.61 | 1.75 | 2.22 | 2.85 | 2 341 | 1.32 | 0.12 | 21.23 | 0.15 | 0.58 | ||
| Ⅱ | 789.82 | 172.01 | 21.78 | 10.41 | 1.37 | 0.69 | 0.66 | 1.81 | 2.28 | 4.07 | 1 453 | 1.84 | 0.12 | 9.79 | 0.13 | 0.57 | ||
| Ⅲ | 178.67 | 52.82 | 29.57 | 3.20 | 1.25 | 0.66 | 0.64 | 1.84 | 3.35 | 4.68 | 256 | 1.43 | 0.20 | 35.03 | 0.13 | 0.59 | ||
| Ⅳ | 1 141.45 | 190.34 | 16.68 | 11.52 | 1.19 | 0.60 | 0.57 | 1.77 | 2.13 | 3.41 | 1 808 | 1.58 | 0.10 | 11.59 | 0.13 | 0.58 | ||
| Ⅴ | 323.31 | 41.79 | 12.92 | 2.53 | 1.26 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 1.80 | 2.06 | 2.77 | 435 | 1.35 | 0.09 | 9.27 | 0.17 | 0.60 | ||
| Ⅵ | 258.03 | 23.68 | 9.18 | 1.43 | 0.90 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 1.64 | 1.51 | 1.73 | 301 | 1.17 | 0.08 | 12.76 | 0.18 | 0.59 | ||
| Ⅶ | 3 626.77 | 795.94 | 21.95 | 48.17 | 1.34 | 0.70 | 0.61 | 1.77 | 2.55 | 3.30 | 4 865 | 1.34 | 0.16 | 15.63 | 0.13 | 0.57 | ||
| Ⅷ | 1 417.81 | 88.27 | 6.23 | 5.34 | 1.22 | 0.65 | 0.56 | 1.69 | 1.39 | 1.55 | 1 651 | 1.16 | 0.05 | 3.53 | 0.17 | 0.57 | ||
| 分析单元 | 气温变化速率/(℃·a⁻¹) | 气温标准差/℃ | 降水变化速率/(mm·a⁻¹) | 降水标准差/mm |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | 0.016 | 0.40 | 6.88 | 116.46 |
| Ⅱ | 0.033 | 0.47 | 9.76 | 187.85 |
| Ⅲ | 0.036 | 0.51 | 7.70 | 145.90 |
| Ⅳ | 0.035 | 0.50 | 7.48 | 131.52 |
| Ⅴ | 0.032 | 0.47 | 2.91 | 76.45 |
| Ⅵ | 0.028 | 0.42 | 6.47 | 96.07 |
| Ⅶ | 0.016 | 0.35 | 5.53 | 103.75 |
| Ⅷ | 0.015 | 0.42 | 8.62 | 152.68 |
| 乔木林区 | 0.024 | 0.42 | 7.32 | 135.68 |
| 全区 | 0.0036 | 0.10 | 1.43 | 27.67 |
表 3 祁连山国家公园气候变化趋势
Table 3 Climatic trends in Qilian Mountain National Park
| 分析单元 | 气温变化速率/(℃·a⁻¹) | 气温标准差/℃ | 降水变化速率/(mm·a⁻¹) | 降水标准差/mm |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | 0.016 | 0.40 | 6.88 | 116.46 |
| Ⅱ | 0.033 | 0.47 | 9.76 | 187.85 |
| Ⅲ | 0.036 | 0.51 | 7.70 | 145.90 |
| Ⅳ | 0.035 | 0.50 | 7.48 | 131.52 |
| Ⅴ | 0.032 | 0.47 | 2.91 | 76.45 |
| Ⅵ | 0.028 | 0.42 | 6.47 | 96.07 |
| Ⅶ | 0.016 | 0.35 | 5.53 | 103.75 |
| Ⅷ | 0.015 | 0.42 | 8.62 | 152.68 |
| 乔木林区 | 0.024 | 0.42 | 7.32 | 135.68 |
| 全区 | 0.0036 | 0.10 | 1.43 | 27.67 |
| 分析单元 | 极高稳定性 | 高稳定性 | 中等稳定性 | 较低稳定性 | 极低稳定性 | 合计 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | ||||||
| Ⅰ | 278.90 | 97.04 | 8.16 | 2.84 | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 287.41 | 17.40 | |||||
| Ⅱ | 157.89 | 91.79 | 14.02 | 8.15 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 172.01 | 10.41 | |||||
| Ⅲ | 50.34 | 95.31 | 2.47 | 4.67 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 52.82 | 3.20 | |||||
| Ⅳ | 168.11 | 88.32 | 22.10 | 11.61 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 190.34 | 11.52 | |||||
| Ⅴ | 35.51 | 84.97 | 6.24 | 14.93 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 41.79 | 2.53 | |||||
| Ⅵ | 14.29 | 60.36 | 8.85 | 37.37 | 0.54 | 2.27 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 23.68 | 1.43 | |||||
| Ⅶ | 529.46 | 66.52 | 253.83 | 31.89 | 12.50 | 1.57 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 795.94 | 48.17 | |||||
| Ⅷ | 34.01 | 38.53 | 42.89 | 48.59 | 11.34 | 12.85 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 88.27 | 5.34 | |||||
| 全区 | 1 276.36 | 77.25 | 347.14 | 21.01 | 28.58 | 1.73 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 652.25 | 100.00 | |||||
表4 祁连山国家公园乔木林生态系统稳定性等级分布特征
Table 4 Distribution of ecosystem stability classes in arboreal forests of Qilian Mountain National Park
| 分析单元 | 极高稳定性 | 高稳定性 | 中等稳定性 | 较低稳定性 | 极低稳定性 | 合计 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | 面积/km2 | 占比/% | ||||||
| Ⅰ | 278.90 | 97.04 | 8.16 | 2.84 | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 287.41 | 17.40 | |||||
| Ⅱ | 157.89 | 91.79 | 14.02 | 8.15 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 172.01 | 10.41 | |||||
| Ⅲ | 50.34 | 95.31 | 2.47 | 4.67 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 52.82 | 3.20 | |||||
| Ⅳ | 168.11 | 88.32 | 22.10 | 11.61 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 190.34 | 11.52 | |||||
| Ⅴ | 35.51 | 84.97 | 6.24 | 14.93 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 41.79 | 2.53 | |||||
| Ⅵ | 14.29 | 60.36 | 8.85 | 37.37 | 0.54 | 2.27 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 23.68 | 1.43 | |||||
| Ⅶ | 529.46 | 66.52 | 253.83 | 31.89 | 12.50 | 1.57 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 795.94 | 48.17 | |||||
| Ⅷ | 34.01 | 38.53 | 42.89 | 48.59 | 11.34 | 12.85 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 88.27 | 5.34 | |||||
| 全区 | 1 276.36 | 77.25 | 347.14 | 21.01 | 28.58 | 1.73 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 652.25 | 100.00 | |||||
| 分析单元 | 气温 | 降水 | 气候弹性指数 | R² | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 回归系数 | FSI变化量/℃ | R² | 回归系数 | FSI变化量 /1000 mm | R² | 系数 | FSI变化量/0.10 CE | R² | ||||
| Ⅰ | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.11 | -0.03 | -0.26 | 0.10 | -0.31 | -1.25 | 0.39 | 0.52 | ||
| Ⅱ | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.09 | -0.27 | -1.15 | 0.33 | 0.49 | ||
| Ⅲ | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 0.07 | -0.31 | -1.00 | 0.43 | 0.56 | ||
| Ⅳ | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.07 | -0.32 | -1.10 | 0.44 | 0.53 | ||
| Ⅴ | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.04 | -0.28 | -1.35 | 0.43 | 0.50 | ||
| Ⅵ | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.07 | -0.31 | -1.15 | 0.38 | 0.46 | ||
| Ⅶ | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.68 | 0.08 | -0.34 | -1.75 | 0.47 | 0.54 | ||
| Ⅷ | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.20 | 0.05 | -0.25 | -1.40 | 0.33 | 0.41 | ||
表5 气候变量及气候弹性指数对乔木林生态系统稳定性的回归结果
Table 5 Regression results of climatic variables and climate elasticity on arboreal forest ecosystems stability
| 分析单元 | 气温 | 降水 | 气候弹性指数 | R² | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 回归系数 | FSI变化量/℃ | R² | 回归系数 | FSI变化量 /1000 mm | R² | 系数 | FSI变化量/0.10 CE | R² | ||||
| Ⅰ | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.11 | -0.03 | -0.26 | 0.10 | -0.31 | -1.25 | 0.39 | 0.52 | ||
| Ⅱ | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 0.09 | -0.27 | -1.15 | 0.33 | 0.49 | ||
| Ⅲ | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 0.07 | -0.31 | -1.00 | 0.43 | 0.56 | ||
| Ⅳ | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.07 | -0.32 | -1.10 | 0.44 | 0.53 | ||
| Ⅴ | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.04 | -0.28 | -1.35 | 0.43 | 0.50 | ||
| Ⅵ | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.07 | -0.31 | -1.15 | 0.38 | 0.46 | ||
| Ⅶ | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.68 | 0.08 | -0.34 | -1.75 | 0.47 | 0.54 | ||
| Ⅷ | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.20 | 0.05 | -0.25 | -1.40 | 0.33 | 0.41 | ||
图7 气温、降水和气候弹性指数与FSI的相关性显著的像元比例
Fig. 7 Proportion of pixels in which temperature, precipitation, and the climate elasticity index exhibit significant correlations with FSI
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